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Diagnostics & Treatment Overview

Glioblastoma treatment combines established therapies with a growing range of experimental approaches. The available options depend on the disease stage, tumour biology and individual clinical situation.

Highlighted Papers

Liu et al., 2024 — Exploring Treatment Options in Cancer: Tumor Treatment Strategies

Provides a broad overview of established and emerging cancer-treatment strategies. It places approaches such as targeted therapy, immunotherapy and treatment combinations within the wider oncology landscape.

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Singh et al., 2025 — "Glioblastoma at the Crossroads: Current Understanding and Future Therapeutic Horizons"

Reviews glioblastoma biology, treatment resistance and current management. It also examines emerging strategies that could shape future treatment.

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Further Literature

  • AlDoughaim M, AlSuhebany N, AlZahrani M, AlQahtani T, AlGhamdi S, Badreldin H, Al Alshaykh H. (2024): Cancer Biomarkers and Precision Oncology: A Review of Recent Trends and Innovations. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2024 Nov 17;18:11795549241298541. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795549241298541

  • Bandara S., Raveendran S. (2025): Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges. Cancers. 2025; 17(5):821. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17050821

  • Battke, F., Martin Schulze and Björn Schulte (2024):  What Is the Real Diagnostic Benefit of Whole-Genome Sequencing?. Preprints 2024, 2024120023. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202412.0023.v1

  • Bianconi, A., Pesaresi, A., de Marco, R. et al. (2026):  [18F]DOPA PET identifies metabolically active tumor beyond contrast-enhancing margins in IDH-WT glioblastoma: A histopathology and fluorescence validation study, Neuro-Oncology Practice, 2026; npag065, https://doi.org/10.1093/nop/npag065

  • Bioxytran (2026): Cancer Metastasis Presentation. Bioxytran, Presentation Version 2.01.01. https://t.co/GDEE6aYteP

  • Cancer Research Institute (2026):. C13: Cancer Immunotherapy Insights & Impact 2026. https://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-immunotherapy-report-2026

  • Garcia, D ,M., Lin, W-H., Wickland, D. P.  et al. (2026): Multi-sampling allows intra-tumoral heterogeneity querying and vulnerability profiling in glioblastoma, Neuro-Oncology, 2026, noag139, https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noag139

  • Grochans, S., Cybulska, A.M., Simińska, D., Korbecki, J., Kojder, K., Chlubek, D., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2022): Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review. Cancers 2022, 14, 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102412

  • Kampers, L.F.C., Metselaar, D.S., Vinci, M., Scirocchi, F., Veldhuijzen van Zanten, S., Eyrich, M., Biassoni, V., Hulleman, E., Karremann, M., Stücker, W., et al. (2025): The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment. Cancers 2025, 17, 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17050879

  • Krolikowska, K., Błaszczak, K., Ławicki, S., Zajkowska, M., Gudowska-Sawczuk, M. (2025): Glioblastoma - A Contemporary Overview of Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Review Article. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 12162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412162

  • Liu, B., Zhou, H., Tan, L. et al. (2024): Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies. Sig Transduct Target Ther 9, 175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01856-7

  • Liu, Y., Zhou, F., Ali, H. et al. (2024): Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current state, challenges, and future perspectives. Cell Mol Immunol 21, 1354–1375 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-024-01226-x

  • Pant, K., Glassy, M. C. Editorial (2025): Current trends in immunotherapy: from monoclonal antibodies to CAR-T cells. Front Mol Med. 2025 Jun 2;5:1633469. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmmed.2025.1633469

  • Rieger, D., Renovanz, M., Kurz, S. et al. (2024): Glioblastom – aktuelle Therapiekonzepte. Onkologie 30, 145–156 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-024-01473-7

  • Singh, D. D., Haque, S., Singh, A. K., Yadav, D. K. (2025): Advancing vaccine-based immunotherapy in glioblastoma treatment. Neurooncol Adv. 2025 Jun 24;7(1):vdaf135. https://doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdaf135

  • Singh, S., Dey, D., Barik, D. et al. (2025): Glioblastoma at the crossroads: current understanding and future therapeutic horizons. Sig Transduct Target Ther 10, 213 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-025-02299-4

  • Sung, J. Y., Hwang, K. (2026): Glioblastoma: epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and therapeutic resistance. Mol Biomed 7, 63 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-026-00467-8

  • Van Gool, S. Immunology FAQs, cancer immunotherapy explained. Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAVR6ts4Mto (Accessed in 2026)

  • Vaz-Salgado, M.A., Villamayor, M., Alarrán, V., Alía, V., Sotoca, P., Chamorro, J., Rosero, D., Barrill, A.M., Martín, M., Fernandez, E., et al. (2023): Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Review of the Treatment Options. Cancers 2023, 15, 4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15174279

  • Williams, B. A. (with updates by Western, S.) (2015): Treatment Options for Glioblastoma and other Gliomas. Virtual Trials, 2015 (subsequently updated through August 2017). https://virtualtrials.com/williamsTreatmentOptions2015.pdf

  • Williams, B. A. (2010): Perils of Evidence-Based Medicine." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 53 no. 1, 2010, p. 106-120. Project MUSE, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.0.0132.

  • Zhou, Y., Shi, F., Zhu J, Yuan, Y., (2025): An update on the clinical trial research of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Front. Immunol., 2025 16:1582296. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1582296

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